Eulers Totient Theorem

Eulers Totient Theorem Outline  â Euler Totient hypothesis is a summed up type of Fermats Little hypothesis. In that capacity, it exclusively relies upon Fermats Little Theorem as showed in Eulers concentrate in 1763 and, later in 1883, the hypothesis was named after him by J. J. Sylvester. As per Sylvester, the hypothesis is essentially about the change in closeness. The term Totient was gotten from Quotient, thus, the capacity manages division, yet in a remarkable way. Thusly, The Eulers Totient work à Ã¢â‚¬ for any whole number (n) can be outlined, as the figure of positive numbers isn't more prominent than and co-prime to n. a㠏†(n) = 1 (mod n) In view of Leonhard Eulers commitments toward the improvement of this hypothesis, the hypothesis was named after him in spite of the way that it was a speculation of Fermats Little Theory in which n is distinguished to be prime. In light of this reality, some insightful source alludes to this hypothesis as the Fermats-Euler hypothesis of Eulers speculation. Presentation I initially built up an enthusiasm for Euler when I was finishing an audience crossword; the disguised message read Euler was the ace of the crossword. At the point when I previously observed the consideration of the name Euler on the rundown of brief words, I had no alternative yet to simply let it all out. Euler was a well known mathematician in the eighteenth century, who was recognized for his commitment in the science discipline, as he was liable for demonstrating various issues and guesses. Accepting the number hypothesis for instance, Euler progressively assumed an imperative job in demonstrating the two-square hypothesis just as the Fermats little hypothesis (Griffiths and Peter 81). His commitment likewise prepared to demonstrating the four-square hypothesis. Along these lines, in this course venture, I am going to concentrate on his hypothesis, which isn't known to many; it is a speculation of Fermats little hypothesis that is generally known as Eulers hypothesis. Hypothesis Eulers Totient hypothesis holds that on the off chance that an and n are coprime positive numbers, at that point since Þâ ¦n is an Eulers Totient work. Eulers Totient Function Eulers Totient Function (Þâ ¦n) is the tally of positive numbers that are less that n and generally prime to n. For example, Þâ ¦10 is 4, since there are four numbers, which are under 10 and are moderately prime to 10: 1, 3, 7, 9. Thusly, Þâ ¦11 is 10, since there 11 prime numbers which are under 10 and are moderately prime to 10. A similar way, Þâ ¦6 is 2 as 1 and 5 are moderately prime to 6, however 2, 3, and 4 are most certainly not. The accompanying table speaks to the totients of numbers up to twenty. N Þâ ¦n 2 1 3 2 4 2 5 4 6 2 7 6 8 4 9 6 10 4 11 10 12 4 13 12 14 6 15 8 16 8 17 16 18 6 19 18 20 8 A portion of these models try to demonstrate Eulers totient hypothesis. Let n = 10 and a = 3. For this situation, 10 and 3 are co-prime for example moderately prime. Utilizing the gave table, plainly Þâ ¦10 = 4. At that point this connection can likewise be spoken to as follows: 34 = 81 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ 1 (mode 10). Then again, if n = 15 and a = 2, unmistakably 28 = 256 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ 1 (mod 15). Fermats Little Theory As per Liskov (221), Eulers Totient hypothesis is an improvement of Fermats little hypothesis and works with each n that are moderately prime to a. Fermats little hypothesis just works for an and p that are generally prime. a p-1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ 1 (mod p) or on the other hand a p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ a (mod p) where p itself is prime. It is, in this manner, clear that this condition fits in the Eulers Totient hypothesis for each prime p, as showed in Þâ ¦p, where p is a prime and is given by p-1. Accordingly, to demonstrate Eulers hypothesis, it is essential to initially demonstrate Fermats little hypothesis. Verification to Fermats Little Theorem As prior demonstrated, the Fermats little hypothesis can be communicated as follows: ap à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ a (mod p) taking two numbers: an and p, that are generally prime, where p is likewise prime. The arrangement of a {a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦(p-1)a}㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦(i) Consider another arrangement of number {1, 2, 3, 4, 5㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦.(p-1a)}㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦(ii) On the off chance that one chooses to take the modulus for p, every component of the set (I) will be harmonious to a thing in the subsequent set (ii). In this way, there will be one on one correspondence between the two sets. This can be demonstrated as lemma 1. Therefore, on the off chance that one chooses to take the result of the primary set, that is {a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦. (p-1)a } just as the result of the second set as {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ (p-1)}. Obviously both of these sets are compatible to each other; that is, every component in the main set matches another component in the subsequent set (Liskov 221). Accordingly, the two sets can be spoken to as follows: {a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦. (p-1)a } à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ (p-1)} (mode p). On the off chance that one takes out the factor a p-1 from the left-hand side (L.H.S), the resultant condition will be Ap-1 {a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦. (p-1)a } à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ (p-1)} (mode p). In the event that a similar condition is separated by {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ (p-1)} when p is prime, one will acquire a p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ a (mod p) or on the other hand a p-1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ 1 (mod p) It ought to be certain that every component in the primary set ought to compare to another component in the subsequent set (components of the set are consistent). Despite the fact that this isn't evident at the initial step, it can at present be demonstrated through three intelligent strides as follows: Every component in the primary set ought to be consistent to one component in the subsequent set; this infers none of the components will be harmonious to 0, as pand an are moderately prime. No two numbers in the principal set can be marked as ba or ca. On the off chance that this is done, a few components in the primary set can be equivalent to those in the subsequent set. This would suggest that two numbers are harmonious to one another for example ba à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ ca (mod p), which would imply that b à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ c (mod p) which isn't accurate scientifically, since both the component are different and not as much as p. A component in the principal set can not be consistent to two numbers in the subsequent set, since a number must be compatible to numbers that contrast by various of p. Through these three principles, one can demonstrate Fermats Little Theorem. Verification of Eulers Totient Theorem Since the Fermats little hypothesis is an extraordinary type of Eulers Totient hypothesis, it follows that the two confirmations gave before in this investigation are comparative, yet slight alterations should be made to Fermats little hypothesis to legitimize Eulers Totient hypothesis (KrãÅ"Ã¥'iãÅ"⠁zãÅ"Ã¥'ek 97). This should be possible by utilizing the condition a Þâ ¦n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ 1 (mod n) where the two numbers, an and n, are moderately prime, with the arrangement of figures N, which are generally prime to n {1, n1. n2㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦.n Þâ ¦n }. This set is probably going to have Þâ ¦n component, which is characterized by the quantity of the generally prime number to n. Similarly, in the second set aN, every single component is a result of a just as a component of N {a, an1, an2, an3㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦anãžâ ¦n}. Every component of the set aN absolute necessity be consistent to another component in the set N (mode n) as confirmed by the previous three standards. Consequently, every component of the two sets will be harmonious to one another (Giblin 111). In this situation case, it tends to be said that: {a x an1 x an2 x an3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦. a Þâ ¦n } à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ {a xã‚â n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦.n Þâ ¦n } (mod n). By calculating out an and aãžâ ¦n from the left-hand side, one can get the accompanying condition a Þâ ¦n {1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦.n Þâ ¦n} à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ {1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦.n Þâ ¦n } (mod n) In the event that this acquired condition is separated by {1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦.n Þâ ¦n } from the two sides, all the components in the two sets will be moderately prime. The got condition will be as per the following: a Þâ ¦n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¡ 1 (mod n) Use of the Eulers Theorem Not at all like different Eulers works in the number hypothesis like the verification for the two-square hypothesis and the four-square hypothesis, the Eulers totient hypothesis has genuine applications over the globe. The Eulers totient hypothesis and Fermats little hypothesis are normally utilized in decoding and encryption of information, particularly in the RSA encryption frameworks, which insurance settle around enormous prime numbers (Wardlaw 97). End In synopsis, this hypothesis may not be Eulers most all around structured bit of science; my preferred hypothesis is the two-square hypothesis by unbounded plummet. Regardless of this, the hypothesis is by all accounts a critical and significant bit of work, particularly for that time. The number hypothesis is still viewed as the most valuable hypothesis in science these days. Through this confirmation, I have had the chance to associate a portion of the work I have prior done in discrete arithmetic just as sets connection and gathering alternatives. To be sure, these two choices appear to be among the most flawless segments of science that I have ever concentrated in arithmetic. Be that as it may, this investigation has empowered me to investigate the connection between Eulers totient hypothesis and Fermats little hypothesis. I have likewise applied information from one control to the next which has expanded my perspective on science. Works Cited Giblin, P J. Primes, and Programming: An Introduction to Number Theory with Computing. Cambridge UP, 1993. Print. Griffiths, H B, and Peter J. Hilton. A Comprehensive Textbook of Classical Mathematics: A Contemporary Interpretation. London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, 1970. Print. KrãÅ"Ã¥'iãÅ"⠁zãÅ"Ã¥'ek, M., et al. 17 Lectures on Fermat Numbers: From Number Theory to Geometry. Springer, 2001. Print. Liskov, Moses. Fermats Little Theorem. Reference book of Crypto

He Formation and Social Function of English Euphemisms Essay Example for Free

He Formation and Social Function of English Euphemisms Essay As an essential and normal piece of English language, English doublespeaks have existed for a long time.The appearance of everything, including code word, has its reasons.The development of English code words has a nearby connection with language restrictions and religion. Since English code words assume a significant job in social correspondence, they worth cautious and exhaustive investigation. This paper will for the most part manage the arrangement, characterization and social capacity of English doublespeaks. Presentation English doublespeaks are nearly utilized in all fields of life, for example, in the field of day by day life, in the field of instruction, in the field of law, in the field of governmental issues, and in the field of business and industry. The capacity of English doublespeaks is enhanced. Other than avoidance, English code words currently are likewise utilized for avoidance, pleasantness, style. Development ‘Euphemism’comes from the Greek ‘eu’ (great) and ‘phemism’ (discourse) and in this way implies keeps an eye on truly ‘to speak’ with great words or in a charming way .Originally, offering penances to divine beings, old Greeks utilized expressions of promise of something better, that is code words when in doubt. It is exemplified in the antiquated Greek expressions for the Furiesthe Eumenides or Erinyes. As indicated by Neaman’s (1990)argument: As a rule, euphemizing is characterized as subbing an innocuous or charming term for a progressively unequivocal, hostile one, in this way veneering reality by utilizing kind words(P1). Doublespeak is pervasive in human culture, an etymological wonder is the utilization of language is a significant methods for managing relational connections, its utilization has a significant social function.Such as relational correspondence in the formal capacities, elements of trickery to conceal reality, and human Ironically work. Social capacity English code words have incredible social centrality and useful noteworthiness in decontaminating language, advancing human connection and adorning callings to look for the belief system of reasonable rivalry. As Liu Chunbao(1994)claims: Need is the mother of creation. The creation and development of doublespeaks is firmly identified with the necessities of individuals, for example, social correspondence, intrigue, impression of qualities and mindset. Moreover, these necessities likewise offer ascent to their different social capacities. So as to build up great social connection, individuals use doublespeaks to make what they need to state increasingly charming. So they become a significant methods in correspondence (P10). 1. For avoidance Since death is unavoidable, it has become the dread of all person. In early time, individuals only from time to time referenced demise straightforwardly on the grounds that they were offbeat about it. They accepted that demise was a fallen angel that can hear human’s voice. So in the event that you talk about it, it will show up. In this way, there were numerous doublespeaks about the word â€Å"die†, for example, â€Å"breathe one’s last† and â€Å"join the majority†. 2 For neighborliness The Pursuit of excellence is the idea of individual. Magnificence causes one feel sure while grotesqueness understands inadequacy. So it is inconsiderate even hostile to state somebody is monstrous legitimately. At the point when individuals need to communicate somebody is monstrous, they as a rule say â€Å"He is plain looking† or â€Å"She isn't pretty†, and so on. With the improvement of expectation for everyday comforts, an ever increasing number of individuals have a weight issue. Different results of getting in shape flood into the market for being too fat isn't just an issue of appearance yet additionally an issue of wellbeing. Weight brings burden just as the danger of numerous sicknesses. In this way, there are a great deal of code words about heftiness like â€Å"plump†, â€Å"chubby† or â€Å"tubby†, and so forth. â€Å"Skinny† is another upsetting word. Nobody likes to be portrayed as â€Å"skinny†, however they will be tru ly satisfied when they hear others depict them as â€Å"slim† or â€Å"slender†. 3.For polish Feces is a nauseating theme in neighborly discussion. They are kept away from by methods for doublespeaks. â€Å"Defecation† alludes to perhaps the most wiped out component on the planet. At the point when you go to see a specialist for a stomach upset, the specialist will ask you, â€Å"How is your gut movement?† And on the off chance that he needs to have a further assessment, he will require an example of your compost. In the event that somebody adjusts his thumb and pointer up to shape the letter â€Å"C† with different fingers loosening up, he needs to go to W.C. There are different articulations having a similar importance, as â€Å"to sing a song†, â€Å"to see the moon†, â€Å"answer the nature’s call†, â€Å"do one’s business† or basically â€Å" Excuse me†. End: In view of the similar examination above made, code words are increasingly famous for the authentic reasons, yet in addition the necessities of times. Lin Zhenyue(1994) notes: Code words might be founded on various societies and accounts, the mental and etymological examples basic their development are the equivalent. Mentally, if not phonetically, which means can be characterized as the total of our reactions to a word or an article. Words themselves might be viewed as reactions to improvements. After a word has been related for a significant stretch of time with the upgrade that incites it, the word itself gets parts of the reaction inspired by the improvement object(P59).

Properly Preparing an Abstract For Research Paper

Properly Preparing an Abstract For Research PaperAbstracts are a key to publishing in a journal. If you are preparing an abstract and haven't done so for several years, then I am not sure if you are doing it right. To ensure that your abstract is as effective as possible you must use techniques and practice the proper methods.Before you begin, you need to decide exactly what type of abstract you want. Some people will want it to be a very short one, while others prefer something to last the length of the paper. Others may choose to include it at the end of the research paper or throughout the manuscript. Some prefer the paper to be well organized and contain a little variety, while others would rather just have it in the middle and do not mind including it.Your abstract needs to describe your research methodology. It should explain in detail the procedures you used to conduct your study. If you want your abstract to be as interesting as possible, include any methods used in testing a nd conducting your study.Do you want your abstract to be in chronological order, or can you include your results in relation to other's methods? Many people have submitted their abstracts in alphabetical order, while others simply put them in the order they were published. If you have done your research carefully and know exactly what you want, it should be very simple to put your results in the order you would like them to appear.The style of your abstract can be a little different depending on how old you want it to be. Many journals require submissions to be in current, semi-current, or full format. If you submit an older version of your abstract, you may have to use an older style.One thing you will need to consider is what time of year your paper is due. There are many journal deadlines that do not occur during the school year. To make sure that your paper is submitted when you are most likely to have it accepted, you may want to take some time to write the paper and edit it we ll.By taking the time to prepare an abstract you will be showing the editor that you put as much work into the paper as possible. When your abstract is written well, it will help you get published faster.

The United States And The American Revolution - 1382 Words

Throughout American history, there have been countless monumental events. Learning about the past is a great way to understand where you came from, what happened to make the world how it is today, and to feel connected to your country and your roots. In 1607, the thirteen colonies were founded. These colonies were classified into three different groups, the New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. The states included in these groups were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. The thirteen colonies played an important role in expansion, farming, politics, religion, and freedom. I†¦show more content†¦Living close enough to Boston to be able to take day trips every now and then made me become very interested in it’s past. In 1869, Africans were brought over to Jamestown, Virginia to work as slaves, and aid in the production of important, popular crops such as tobacco and cotton. Throughout the years slavery became more and more popular, until the Civil War put an end to it. Slavery had a severe impact on the world, causing problems such as segregation, government corruption, wars, and excessive violence. I chose this topic because I feel that it’s an important event to learn about, despite the shame or guilt most Americans feel for enslaving so many people. The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments listed in the U.S Constitution. These ten amendments include the freedom of speech and religion, the right to bear arms, and no quartering of soldiers. They also include freedom from unfair arrests or searches, the right to due process of law, allowed public and speedy trials, and the right of trial by jury in civil cases. Lastly, the Bill of Rights protected citizens from unreasonable punishments, allowed other rights for the people, and ensured that power was reserved to the states. Although this just briefly sums up the Bill of Rights, they played an extremely important role in the foundation of America. Without them, the nation would have been lawless and out of control. Without freedom of speech,

The Characteristics Of Heroism - 1181 Words

Heroism†¦ Today? Heros†¦ In today’s society? A hero is a person who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. Fictional characters can be heroes, but they aren’t real and have unrealistic character traits. Modern day heroes can portray any unique traits. They can’t fly, and they don’t have super strength, but they are good at heart and want nothing but good for everyone. So yes, hero’s do exist in today’s society, and many are very selfless. Fame and wealth dont affect people’s ability to perform heroic acts. Apple was one of many who donated money to the victims of the hurricanes. â€Å"Tom Cook took a moment to discuss Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Harvey, which is company has given more than $ 10†¦show more content†¦In this situation, â€Å"teenagers† who usually get bad reputation got out of the limo and helped the family who had been in a car accident, and bloodied their dresses and suits. They proved that not all teens are immature and are able to get their job done. The students showed that they are noble and stepped up to become heroes to the passengers and to the world. Although it is their occupation, soldiers are selfless and ready for combat. No one person knows how long war will last. The United States of America has been participating in the Afghanistan War for 16 years. â€Å"On October 7, 2001, less than a month after the September 11 attacks, US President George W Bush launches operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, after the Taliban refuses to hand over al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. In a matter of weeks, the US-led forces to overthrow the Taliban, in power since 1996. Apart from air raids, the US backs the Afghan Northern Alliance, which is fighting the Taliban, contributing paramilitary teams from the CIA and special forces.Some 1,000 American soldiers are deployed on the ground in November, rising to 10,000 the year after.† Soldiers get deployed not knowing when they will come home or if they will even come home. They don’t enroll in the army just to say that they did, they enroll because they want to defend their country and fight for their rights as a U.S.Show MoreRelatedThe Characteristics Of Heroism In Beowulf857 Words   |  4 PagesHeroism Essay What really defines a hero? Beowulf has been known as one of the greatest heroes in Anglo Saxon history: Strong, brave, and a great leader who will lay his life down for his people. Heroes now, show many of the same qualities, but can come in many different shapes and sizes, some even in the shape of a kitchen sponge. Beowulf’s stories depict epic quests across new and foreign lands. 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Project Management Performance and Report †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Project Management Performance and Report. Answer: Introduction The essay reflects on the aspect of information requirement in a project for developing information system within an organization. According to Walker (2015), the project generally requires a series of activities that are associated with gathering, analyzing, utilizing as well as tracking various information of the project. The assignment illustrates the various requirements as well as importance of information in the project. The paper also elaborates risks due to inadequate information and various mitigation strategies for resolving the issues, which are associated with the development of the Information System. Information needed for implementing the project The project Implementation of information System requires appropriate information about the various activities of the project, budget, time-period, software requirements and about the implementation procedure of the information system. The project managers must have proper information about the project budget as well as time (Meredith, Mantel and Shafer 2013).They must have specific knowledge about the organizational feasibility, economic feasibility, technical feasibility, operational feasibility as well as schedule feasibility. Information about various activities of the project including, initiation phase, planning phase, development phase, implementation as well as closure phase is needed for completing the various tasks of the project that are related with the development of information system successfully (Mir and Pinnington 2014). The project managers must have specific knowledge about the risks that are associated with the project so that they can be handled properly. Proper information about the resources is quite important for completing the entire project within a specified time as well as budget. The information that are gathered as well as utilized helps in completing the entire project within the specified time as well as budget. It is analyzed that proper software requirement specification helps in illustrating how the information system will work from the perspective of the user. Technical specifications are also necessary for elaborating the internal implementation of the software. It helps in providing proper knowledge about the data structures, models of relational database, choice of various programming protocols as well as various environmental properties (Sears et al. 2015). One of the key advantages of gathering software requirement is streamlining different procedures of development. The project manager assigns different roles as well as responsibilities to the stakeholders of the project by utilizing the information about the capabilities as well as project requirements. Information about risk must be gathered as well as utilized for managing the risk appropriate ly so that it does not create any problem associated with the project (Hwang and Ng 2013).Feasibility of the project is also significant as it helps in analyzing the success of the project. The information that are gathered or used assists the project managers to complete the various tasks that are associated with the development of Information system as per the schedule. Proper schedule must be followed for developing the information system appropriately within the specified time as well as budget. Problems due to inadequate information The development of information system in an organization requires appropriate information for completing the entire development of the project within the estimated time as well as budget. There are number of problems that generally arises is due to improper information gathering or due to inadequate information (Schwalbe 2015). If the project managers does not have proper as well as effective information about the budget as well as time estimation then they will face number of problems in completing the entire project successfully within the estimated time as well as budget. It is analyzed that the development of information system have number of challenges which must be mitigated properly, therefore inadequate information about various risks obstruct the development of the project (Turner 2014). It is identified that appropriate information about various requirements of the project including both the software as well as hardware requirements which are important for developing the pr oject properly as per the project schedule. The project managers must have proper information about the various resources that includes staffs, budget as well as project requirements so that they can handle the project effectively without facing any problem (Martinelli and Milosevic 2016). Inadequate information leads to improper management of project that further creates number of issues related with the development of the project, its operation as well as management. Mitigation strategies for resolving problems of inadequate information It is analyzed that the development of information system in an organization requires appropriate amount of information for managing the development of the project effectively but if the information are not proper, then the project can face numerous challenges which must be mitigated properly as well as effectively (Walker 2015). Proper communication within the various stakeholders of the organization is considered as one of the significant strategy that helps in resolving the issues associated with it. Communication between different stakeholders helps in providing information reliably as well as adequately so that the project can be developed properly without any problem. A project manager in the organization with good communication skill can be able to motivate the employees towards the project (Martinelli and Milosevic 2016). This trait is also helps in assigning various roles as well as responsibilities to the employees as per their capabilities so that the development of inform ation system can be managed significantly as per the schedule. It is analyzed that proper documentation can also be a mitigation factor. Proper documentation must be provided to the various stakeholders as it helps in providing an overview about the project in context to project planning, monitoring as well as organization for completing the development of the project successfully. Conclusion It can be concluded from the overall assignment that proper information is one of the significant need for completing the development of the project within the specified time as well as budget. It is analyzed that it not only helps in managing the project successfully but also assist in monitoring, controlling, planning as well as organizing project successfully. It is analyzed that inadequate information for a project implementation raises number of risks which must be managed properly or must be mitigated by utilizing proper strategies. It is analyzed that proper communication is considered as one of the factor that helps in resolving the issues associated with the development of Information system. References Hwang, B.G. and Ng, W.J., 2013. Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), pp.272-284. Martinelli, R.J. and Milosevic, D.Z., 2016.Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons. Meredith, J.R., Mantel Jr, S.J. and Shafer, S.M., 2013.Project management in practice. Wiley Global Education. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.202-217. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Sears, S.K., Sears, G.A., Clough, R.H., Rounds, J.L. and Segner, R.O., 2015.Construction project management. John Wiley Sons. Turner, J.R., 2014.The handbook of project-based management(Vol. 92). New York, NY: McGraw-hill. Walker, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons.

Smoking Problems and Solutions

Introduction The tobacco industry is worth billions of dollars in annual profits made from the sale of cigarettes. This industry promotes the smoking of cigarettes by millions of individuals in countries all over the world. While most people enjoy smoking, this habit has many harmful effects that outweigh any perceived merits. Tobacco smoking is the number one cause of preventable deaths in most nations across the globe. The United Press International (2010) reports that, â€Å"more than 440,000 U.S. residents die annually from cigarette smoking† (p.1).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Smoking: Problems and Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Smoking not only affects the smoker but also the people around him who are forced to inhale the polluted air. The CDC (2013) reveals that secondhand smokers incur adverse health conditions and even death because of the exposure. In addition to the negative heal th consequences associated with tobacco use, smoking leads to loss in productivity by an individual costing the economy billions of dollars annually. The CDC (2002) further notes that smoking leads to a loss of money for citizens as they use thousands of dollars each year to sustain their habit. Considering the significant negative impact that smoking has on the society, measures should be taken to address the problem. Policies should be implemented to ensure that people are dissuaded from smoking. If measures are not taken, the deaths and disease burden of smoking-related illness will continue to be prevalent in the society. Even more troubling, more young people will take up this damaging habit. The financial cost of smoking will also continue to be felt by the society. Solutions To solve the problem, I would impose laws that restrict adults from smoking in the presence of children. Specifically, parents would be prevented from smoking at home when their children are present. A re port by Wang and Phil (2011) reveals that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke at home are likely to engage in smoking themselves in future. Making smoking in the presence of children illegal would therefore have the desirable effect of preventing most children from taking up smoking in the future. The community should engage in preventative programs to reduce smoking prevalence. Smoking remains to be a major problem due to the significant percentage of new smokers each year. Such programs would especially be effective to the youth who are thinking of picking up smoking. Lovato (2012) states that â€Å"teenagers are likely to start smoking due to peer influence while at school† (p.363). With effective preventative programs targeted at such groups, the number of new smokers will remain low ensuring that the problem of smoking is mitigated. The National Cancer Institute (2013) suggests that greater investments should be made in efforts to assist individuals to quit smok ing. A large percentage of smokers attempt to quit the habit at some point.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reid et al. (2012) reveal that most of the smokers who are successful in their quitting attempts get some form of assistance from health care providers and community workers. To fund these solutions, the government can increase the taxation on tobacco companies. Such an action will not only provide the necessary finances but also increase the price of cigarettes therefore reducing consumption due to high prices. Case Study: Canada One developed nation where the impacts of smoking are felt is Canada. CBPP (2013) reports that in Canada, 16.7% of the population smoke with the daily smokers, who consume an average of 13 cigarette sticks a day, being 13.1%. The highest percentage of smokers were found among the young adults aged between 20 and 24. The Lung Association (2013) documents that approximately 37,000 Canadians die from smoking related conditions annually making tobacco a major killer in the country. In addition to this, the disease increases the risk for various forms of cancer, leukemia, and coronary problems. The CDC (2002) asserts that smoking â€Å"produces substantial health-related economic costs to society† (p.1). In recognition of the problems that tobacco causes in the country, The Canadian government has taken steps to reduce smoking in the country. Reid et al. (2012) note that the government has engaged in aggressive campaigns to promote awareness of the adverse effects of smoking. CBC News (2010) reveals that the government has â€Å"forced cigarette manufacturers to carry picture-based warnings† (p.1). These efforts have led to a marked decline in revenues for the industry as sales in the country have dropped. In spite of this drop, reports by CBC News (2010) indicate that â€Å"nearly one-fifth of Canadians call th emselves smokers† (p.1). This indicates that the smoking problem is far from solved in the country. Better solutions will have to be implemented to ensure that the problem of smoking is mitigated and eventually eradicated from the society. References CBC News. (2010). Statistical look at cigarettes and Canadian smokers. Retrieved from: http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2010/12/02/f-smoking-cigarettes-canada.html. CBPP. (2013). Tobacco Control. Retrieved from: http://cbpp-pcpe.phac-aspc.gc.ca/public-health-topics/tobacco-control/.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Smoking: Problems and Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More CDC (2002). Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic Costs – United States, 1995-1999. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5114a2.htm. CDC (2013). Tobacco: Fast Facts. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/d ata_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/ Lovato, C. (2012). School and Community Predictors of Smoking: A Longitudinal Study of Canadian High Schools. American Journal of Public Health, 103(2), 362-368. National Cancer Institute (2013). Cigarette Smoking: Health Risks and How to Quit. Retrieved from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/control-of-tobacco-use/Patient. Reid J.L., Hammond, D., Burkhalter, R., Ahmed, R. (2012). Tobacco Use in Canada: Patterns and Trends, 2012 Edition. Retrieved from: http://www.tobaccoreport.ca/2012/TobaccoUseinCanada_2012.pdf The Lung Association. (2013). Smoking and Tobacco: Facts about smoking. Retrieved from: https://www.lung.ca/protect-protegez/tobacco-tabagisme/facts-faits/index_e.php United Press International (2010). CDC: U.S. smoking kills 440,000 a year. Retrieved from: http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2010/04/30/CDC-US-smoking-kills-440000-a-year/UPI-44371272601127/Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wang, P., Phil, M. (2011). Parental Smoking, Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Home, and Smoking Initiation Among Young Children. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 13(9), 827–832. This report on Smoking: Problems and Solutions was written and submitted by user Maddison G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.