What is the association between the use of daily chlorhexidine baths - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2211 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/10 Category Nursing Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The purpose of this paper is to determine if traditional soap and water should be replaced with chlorhexidine for daily bathing purposes for hospitalized patients to prevent spread of HAIs. Literature regarding history of chlorhexidine in bathing patients will be reviewed. Chlorhexidine has been used for over 25 years in clinical settings and continues to be used for skin cleansing and hand washing to prevent spread of HAIs in hospitalized patients. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is the association between the use of daily chlorhexidine baths?" essay for you Create order Positive effects of chlorhexidine have been documented with most of them supporting effective prevention of HAIs in patients. Most HAIs are spread by health professionals from patient to patients and thus hand washing with chlorhexidine helps reduce spread of the same. This research will also highlight some evidence of effectiveness of chlorhexidine as a way of prevention of spread of various HAIs including CAUTIs. Most studies have not found any adverse effects in patients who use chlorhexidine for bathing apart from hearing loss and hypersensitivity for some patients. In nursing research, it is important that methods used provide data that can be applied within the context. Use of case study in this case will help come up with real experiences of nurses and patients in real time in the real world. Qualitative methods will also be useful because they provide real insights to the issues affecting the stipulated population. The research will utilize qualitative research methods and case study as the tradition of choice. Interviews as well as observation will be used to collect data and triangulation will be used triangulation to ensure rigor in the research results. Introduction Infections acquired in hospitals have been associated with extended stay in hospital, increased healthcare costs and fatalities (Noto et al., 2015). Most patients with compromised immune systems are at a great risk of acquisition of healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Patients in intensive care unit are at the highest risk of infections and thus will be the basis of this research. There are many ways that have been utilized to help reduce HAI such as hand hygiene and bundles for insertion.HAI has been defined as any infection acquired in a hospital or a health setting (Noto et al., 2015). The infections can be spread by health care professionals who are in constant contact with different patients or through equipment used in hospitals everyday (Noto et al., 2015). Among infections that can be spread include hospital-acquired pneumonia, urinary tract infections and puerperal fever. These infections have been prevented in many ways among then use of traditional soap and water and t hrough use chlorhexidine cleansing of bath water. Chlorhexidine has been used to reduce bacterial burden on skin and thus reducing infections (Noto et al., 2015). This research aims at determining if use of chlorhexidine in cleansing daily baths reduces the number of infections in HAI and CAUTI patients. Most researchers have emphasized the need to use chlorhexidine in bathing water as compared to water and soap. Patients’ bath basins in hospitals have been found to be reservoirs of bacteria which play a part in development of HAIs. To reach conclusive results the research will utilize qualitative methods with case study as the preferred tradition. Qualitative research is important in healthcare because researchers are able to get information about why patients and healthcare professionals behave the way they do. In this case, utilization of case study methods will allow usage of a wide variety of approaches such as intrinsic, collective and instrumental (Anderson, 2010). This will generally ensure that the results of the res earch are valid and reliable. Research questions RQ1: Should traditional soap and water be replaced with chlorhexidine for daily baths for HAI and CAUTI patients? Tradition There are many ways used to conduct qualitative research. This research will utilize case study tradition of qualitative research.   Case study method has undergone substantial development over the years (Anderson, 2010). They have the capability of helping readers understand a complex issue and sometimes add strength to what is already known about the subject. They also give a researcher an opportunity to explain contextual analysis of different events and their relationships (Anderson, 2010). There has been a lot of documentation of an increase in the number of infections in the ICU (O’Horo et al., 2012). Numerous studies have also credited use of chlorhexidine in baths as way of reducing HAIs including CAUTIs. Case studies will help me gain insight as to why chlorhexidine is preferred over traditional soap and water in bathing patients in ICU (O’Horo et al., 2012). Given the expansive nature of this method, it will be possible to know causes of infections and thus have the ability gauge whether use of chlorhexidine is the best method of preventing infections among hospitalized patients. Literature review Introduction to chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine is a topical antiseptic that has been utilized globally for some decades. It has generally been used in children and adults as hand wash, vaginal antisepsis and body washes among others (Weinstein et al., 2008). Chlorhexidine is water soluble that connects to the negatively charged bacterial cell wall which in turn changes the bacterial cell osmotic balance (Weinstein et al., 2008). When used in low concentrations, chlorhexidine affects the cell integrity but when used in high concentrations it leads to death of the cells. Effects of daily chlorhexidine bathing on infection with pathogens One of the main effects of using chlorhexidine is that it significantly reduces HAIs. Climo et al. (2013) found that use of chlorhexidine reduces hospital acquired bloodstream infections. Noto et al. (2015) conducted a research with an aim of determining if daily bathing of critically ill patients with chlorhexidine could reduce incidences of HAI. The researchers found out that using chlorhexidine in daily baths did not reduce HAIs among central line-associated bloodstream infections or catheter-associated urinary tract infections patients. According to the conclusion of this study, there is no difference in using traditional soap and water and chlorhexidine in bathing patients in preventing cases of HAIs. Chlorhexidine has the capability of reducing infections because it reduces vancomycin-resistant enterococci on patients’ skin and healthcare professionals’ hands (Climo et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2016). Huang et al. (2016) noted that daily bathing with chlorhexidine is known to reduce mortality in hospitalized patients. CAUTI patients also showed less infections and spread of MRSA was also lower when patients were bathed daily with chlorhexidine. Huang et al. (2016) from their study concluded that bathing patients daily with chlorhexidine will significantly reduce HAIs in ICU and thus recommended this. Most of literature reviewed shows that there is a positive correlation between infections and use of chlorhexidine in baths rather than use of soap and water for patients in hospital and especially in ICU where infections are prevalent (O’Horo et al., 2012). Evidence supporting effectiveness of chlorhexidine for infection control The most important interventions in hospitals today in prevention of pathogens are hand washing and skin antisepsis. Chlorhexidine has been used for over 25 years in the clinical settings and has been shown to decrease skin flora and transient bacteria (Weinstein et al., 2008). Chlorhexidine has also been said to have residual skin activity which prevents any rapid regrowth of skin organisms thus enhancing the duration of skin antisepsis. This means when chlorhexidine is used in hand scrubs, there is a reduction in the numbers of bacteria on the skin as compared to soap and water (Weinstein et al., 2008). Apart from hand scrubs chlorhexidine can be used in insertion and maintenance of devices like catheters. Before insertion of devices, skin preparation is done using chlorhexidine to ensure that skin is decolonized against microorganisms which in turn reduces infections. According to Weinstein et al. (2008) methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one cause of HAIs in hospitals. About 8%-44% of patients admitted in ICU are affected by MRSA that colonize their skin (Weinstein et al., 2008). Chlorhexidine has been known to decolonize the skin of patients in the ICU that is mostly transmitted by health professionals from patient to patient (Weinstein et al., 2008). In this case decolonization of the skin using chlorhexidine is more effective than using soap and water. Health professionals will also have less MRSA on the skin and thus cannot transmit the same to their patients. Soap and water cannot decolonize the skin which in turn provides an opportunity for the organisms to regrow and thus encouraging infections. Adverse effects One of the most common reactions to chlorhexidine is contact dermatitis (Weinstein et al., 2008). Other cases include hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. There are no known negative effects for wiping or bathing neonates with chlorhexidine and thus this continues to be encouraged (O’Horo et al., 2012). Huang et al. (2016) documented cases which patients in study developed rashes during experiments. However, the rashes were not as result of chlorhexidine but other causes. Many studies developed have not experienced any adverse effects due to use of chlorhexidine apart from those documented by Weinstein et al. (2008) such as hearing loss and hypersensitivity. More research therefore needs to be undertaken to ensure that chlorhexidine is safe for bathing patients to completely replace it with soap and water (O’Horo et al., 2012). Methods While some researchers have concluded that chlorhexidine leads to reduced rates of HAIs acquisition (Climo et al., 2013) others feel that there is no difference whether soap and water are used instead (Noto et al., 2015). This research therefore aims at establishing whether soap and water should be replaced with chlorhexidine with the target population being intensive care unit patients. The rate of intensive care unit infections high and always lead to extended hospital stay (Huang et al., 2016). Replacing normal soap and water bath with chlorhexidine may result in reduced infections in ICU which is the main aim of this research. Methodology used in this research will be mostly observational of patients at certain intervals. Use of case study methods of qualitative research will be equally important to the study because data collected will be analyzed within the context in which it was collected. The data collected will also be large and thus will provide extra information that may be useful to the entire research. A good example is information regarding chlorhexidine baths collected from nurses will help in understanding the situations when it is necessary and when the alternative is the best option. Sample Curtis et al. (2000) noted that sampling is one of the fundamental areas in qualitative researches.   Sample used in the research should always be relevant to research questions presented in the paper and should always have the capability of providing rich information on the subject of study (Curtis et al., 2000). The sample in the research will be hospitalized patients in intensive care unit (ICU) setting. ICU patients are most susceptible to infections and thus will be perfect for the research. The sample will include 100 participants who have been admitted for various reasons and are deemed to be susceptible to acquire HAIs. From the time of admission, half of the participants will bath daily with water cleansed with chlorhexidine (group 1) while the other half will use soap and water (group 2). After two weeks, the groups will exchange with group 1 bathing using soap and water while group 2 using chlorhexidine for their baths. The experiment will go on for one month when the re sults will be analyzed. Data Collection Participant observation will be one main method of data collection. Observation will ensure that participants follow instructions carefully. Participant observation will also help in analyzing any other outside factors that might affects results of the research. Data to be recorded include primary reason for admission, presence of infectionsand length of hospital stay. Data previously collected in documents such as interviews and direct observations by health observations will also be utilized. Data collected from the research will be compared to data from other studies. This will help either dispute or agree with earlier versions of studies that researched the same topic. Health professionals will also be involved in interviews to get their point of view on use of water and soap versus the use of chlorhexidine for daily bathing of patients. Data collection using qualitative research has come under scrutiny and many researchers are concerned with how to maintain rigor. To ensure rigo r in the research, a checklist of design methods and analysis will be introduced. This will act as a way of reducing biasness of the researcher and maintaining objectivity of the results. Triangulation of data is also another method that will be used to ensure validity if data collected. Limitations Use of qualitative methods in research has concerns on a researcher’s subjectivity and external validity of the results. The researcher is the primary instrument of data collection and analysis. This can lead to biasness in the results of the study. This is because during the research, a researcher is left to make decisions and come to conclusions about the subjects and case being investigated. A researcher could decide to use data that only agrees with what he expected while conducting the research and thus undermining the real results of the study. On external validity, it becomes hard to compare the results of the single case study to the entire population. Researchers feel it is impossible to apply the results of one case study to an entire population. A final limitation is the amount of data collected might cause a challenge in analyzing. Data collected using qualitative method is usually huge and thus takes time to collect and analyze it.

Roles of Union Management in an Organization - 1496 Words

Week 5 Final Paper Marcie Wallace BUS 372 Professor Motley February 4, 2013 When we try to describe management, our first notion is generally of a manager who obtains a role and who has charge over its people. However, in the case of cognoscente employees, who oversee each other, management is seen as in action, one that can appoint everyone. Hence, when we describe management as a personification, we modify it to something that alludes to managers only. Such a description is not only a restricting one, it is one that does not rationalize for the way work and obligation has changed. Many influences affect single and group etiquette in the workplace. Many of these are external to the workplace, and include guidance of universal†¦show more content†¦Category | Role | Activity | Informational | Monitor | Seek and receive information; scan periodicals and reports; maintain personal contact with stakeholders. | | Disseminator | Forward information to organization members via memos, reports, and phone calls. | | Spokesperson | Transmit information to outsiders via reports, memos, and speeches. | Interpersonal | Figurehead | Perform ceremonial and symbolic duties, such as greeting visitors and signing legal documents. | | Leader | Direct and motivate subordinates; counsel and communicate with subordinates. | | Liaison | Maintain information links both inside and outside organization via mail, phone calls, and meetings. | Decisional | Entrepreneur | Initiate improvement projects; identify new ideas and delegate idea responsibility to others. | | Disturbance handler | Take corrective action during disputes or crises; resolve conflicts among subordinates; adapt to environments. | | Resource allocator | Decide who gets resources; prepare budgets; set schedules and determine priorities. | | Negotiator | Represent department during negotiations of union contracts, sales, purchases, and budgets. | (Mintzberg, 1972) It is important to keep in mind that not everyone is meant to be a manager. 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Promo Plan Free Essays

Students also benefit from the trainers experience, knowledge and enthusiastic support. Target Market: Students that want to develop managerial skills and a global business perspective to secure work in international business environments or with international clients or colleagues. Target Market Choice: Young people that normally have time to study and have a big interest in learning new things and gaining new skills. We will write a custom essay sample on Promo Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now People in our target market want to improve themselves, they are ambitious and career-oriented. Demographics: Age: 18-25 Gender: Income: $ minimal, parental support additional Location: Urban and Suburban English is essential Languages: Cultural Considerations Men and Women Beef and pork are off the menu for nearly all Indians. By no means can beef or pork snacks be served at the presentation for the Indian delegation. A ‘yes’ may not be followed by the expected course of action. Many cultures take ‘yes’ to mean yes’. For other cultures, ‘yes’ can mean anything from ‘it is my intention’ to a simple desire to avoid confrontation Indians will be very conscious of how they are treated by each other as well as by business visitors. There is an expectation that one should be treated with the level of respect they deserve due to their status or position, both in the equines environment and in society as a whole. Promotional Technique’s: will Promote this course on two different types of advertising techniques: Online and Events, these two work incredibly great in ILLS, we count with many way to promote via online like Faceable, Twitter etc.. And we provide events all around Sydney to reach all kinds of public and make social interaction easier to the international public. Effectiveness: Having these two types of advertising its proven to be successful in the past and having already a large range of social media at IL SC we make a big impression on young students that are browsing the internet often, in the case of events and personal advertising, having a more personal approach to people its really important for making a bond with the student and we have a lot of cultural diversity in the administration of the college that helps us to promote the course as well. Financial performance: Online is the cheapest, fastest and the more effective way to promote the course. Local and international events aren’t that hard either, the events that are made by IL SC are managed real carefully and the various brochures and leers that we hand out are incredibly detailed and well done. Objectives: My goals for my promotional activities are: 200 new followers on Faceable 100 new followers on twitter 1000 hand out flyers all around Delhi Promotional Activity Resources Timing Budget Who 1. Postage for the expedition of the printed material Postage Australia to India September 2014 $5000 John 2. Ads in Indian youth magazines Launch advertising in popular Indian youth magazines September 2014 – September 2014 $75000 George 3. Ads in Indian daily newspapers Launch advertising in Indian newspapers $100000 . Marketing assistant In Delhi to support the Marketing September 2014 -? September 2014 $35000 5. TV commercial Commercial and show it as many times as possible December 2014 – February 2014 $248000 6. Leaflets that will be laid out in Indian travel agencies 1 ooh leaflets August 2014 $2000 Paul 7. Brochures that will be laid out in Indian travel agencies 10000 brochures Paul 8. Social Media On IL Sac’s social media sites August 2014 – December 2014 $0 9. Online banner promotion in total 500’000 banners Contact our marketing agency and let our marketing assistant in Delhi organize it September 2014 – September 2015 $10000 10. Online pop-up-ads in total 1,000,000 pop-ups Let our marketing assistant in Delhi organize it September 2014 -? September 201 5 $20000 Policies and Procedures: Legislative: The economic liberation’s process began in India in the 1 adds, the process of setting up businesses and incorporation of entities has become more transparent and organized. Things that ILLS should consider: Seek legal advice on protecting intellectual property. There could be potential violations of intellectual property and copyrights. Adopt an appropriate legal ND tax structure from inception use a qualified legal and tax firm with a presence in India to review all contracts Ethical: ILLS has to ensure that the human rights of its employees and local people in countries in which it operates are protected. Security: All files password-safes. How to cite Promo Plan, Papers

Principles of Economics Donald Trump

Questions: 1.According to the article, Donald Trump dislikes big global firms. Explain why, outline his planned policy changes and discuss how these policies could affect US consumers.2.Multinational companies (MNCs) boomed in the 1990s. Examine the key factors that contributed to the growth of the market power of MNCs. 3.The profits of multinationals have dropped by 25% and a 30-year window of arbitrage is closing. What is meant by arbitrage and according to the article, what are the factors leading to the current rise of local companies at the expense of global ones? Answers: 1.Donald Trump dislikes big firms because of the profit and business nature. In his view, tax policy for the multinational corporation is complicated. The multinational corporation takes the extra profit at home when tax rate is low. Furthermore, high tax rate negatively affect their business policies and the cross-border supply chain. Trump dislikes the outsourcing of manufacturing process that is done by the multinational corporations in china or elsewhere (economist.com 2017). Donald Trump planned to impose higher tax rate on the US based multinational corporations to repatriate foreign earning in US. As he was against the trade rule, he decided to disappoint NAFTA, the trade deal between US, CANADA and Mexico. However, later Trump had a tax reform plan, where corporation tax would be slashed to encourage business firm to send back profits to US. New policies are planned to encourage domestic business firm to make profit instead of MNCs (Capri 2017). The policy had been planned to boost up economic growth through increasing capital inflows. The capital can be invested for developing infrastructure for any productive purpose. US economy has been experiencing slower growth rate after global financial crisis. Capital inflow may increase investment and production in different sector of the economy. Economic growth can boost up aggregate demand of US consumers. 2. The growth of multinational corporations started during early 1990s. The key factor for the growth of MNCs is global economies of scale. MNCs make joint venture with companies in other country. As discussed by Taylor and Thrift (2012), agreements are made regarding division of production, recruitment of employees, use of resources, market and others. Due to economies of scale and the big size, the companies can affect government policies significantly in terms of employment, production, tax rate. The MNCs can use resources of the host country at a cheap rate to make enormous profit. These companies often get tax break in order to encourage economic activities.Economies of scale and production efficiency provide them the economic power in the global market as they can reap profit at a lower cost because of the facility of outsourcing. 3. Arbitrage is the purchase or sale of same product simultaneously in different markets. Firms use the method of arbitrage to make increasing profits by taking advantage of different prices for same asset. In the context of US economy, the local firm can copy or use technology, ideas acquired by the global firms in order to bring innovation in their business (economist 2017.com). Innovation can increase brand value of the domestic firms in the global market and may increase prospect of the export from US economy. As per the article, innovation in business reduces the cost of building costly office and factory abroad. As stated by Dewhurst, Harris and Heywood (2012), domestic firms can bring efficiency in production and global supply-chain management process through the innovation. Efficient production brings economies of scale in domestic production and facilitates terms of trade. Reduction in corporation tax rate on the profit earned by domestic firm facilitates the local firms in making profit. References Capri, A., 2017. Forbes Welcome. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexcapri/2016/12/22/2017-is-going-to-be-a-disruptive-year-for-u-s-multinational-firms-thanks-to-trump/#605580803c56 [Accessed 16 Feb. 2017]. Dewhurst, M., Harris, J. and Heywood, S. 2012. The global companys challenge. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/the-global-companys-challenge [Accessed 16 Feb. 2017]. economist.com 2017. The multinational company is in trouble Available at: https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21715660-global-firms-are-surprisingly-vulnerable-attack-multinational-company-trouble [Accessed 16 Feb. 2017]. Taylor, M. and Thrift, N., 2012.The geography of multinationals: Studies in the spatial development and economic consequences of multinational corporations(Vol. 37). Routledge.